Phytopathology

Plant photoreceptors, called “phytochromes” contain bilin chromophore. Light triggers the conversion between the red light-absorbing form, Pr, and the far-red-light-absorbing form, Pfr of bilin. A chemical construct  induced  plant development in absence of light. [1]

Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) spread into 11 countries in the sub-Saharan Africa region reducing yields of  bananas and plantains (Musa spp.) crops. Nucleotide sequences of DNA-S and DNA-R of BBTV isolates from these countries are genetically identical to the 'South Pacific' phylogroup which include Australia, Egypt, South Asia and South Pacific.  [1]

Rice stripe virus (RSV) is a member of the Tenuivirus genus. It causes chlorotic stripes, chlorosis, moderate stunting and loss of vigour.  Severe infections cause the leaves of the plant to develop brown to grey necrotic streaks. If infection is massive the plant dies. The virus occurs in rice, maize, wheat, oat, foxtail millet and wild grasses of the family Gramineae. It does not infect members of other families.

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules which have very few nucleotides (an average of 22). MiRNA genes are located in the intergenic regions of the plant genome. They regulate the post-transcriptional expression of proteins in plants and animals. MiRNAs are likely to be involved in most biological processes. [1]

Cassava  (Manihot esculenta) is a staple food for large African regions, but it has the lowest protein:energy ratio and cassava diet furnishes less than 30% of proteins and  less than 10-20% of the required amounts of iron, zinc, vitamin A and vitamin E. [1]

Verticillium wilt in olive plants may cause significant yield losses. Jiménez-Díaz et al. 2012 described the disease aetiology, epidemiology, and disease control strategies and measures. [1]

The juice sold by any one company can be made from concentrate that is literally sourced throughout the world, including U.S. domestic sources. For example, Asia and South America are major suppliers of apple juice concentrate. Even if a company buys concentrate from only one supplier in a country, such as Argentina, that supplier may be getting juice from a dozen or more different farms within Argentina. [1]

Diets from lupin protein isolate and whole lupin seed promoted a significant reduction of total cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol in the plasma of hamsters, as compared to a control group fed with casein. The liver revealed that animals, fed on both lupin diets, present reduced steatosis (abnormal retention of fat within the liver cels) steatosis as compared to the ones fed on casein as protein diet. [1]

The European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) is an intergovernmental organisation responsible for European cooperation in plant protection in the European and Mediterranean region. Under the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), EPPO is the Regional Plant Protection Organization (RPPO) for Europe. [1]

Xanthomonas oryzae specie includes the two non-European rice pathogens Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola. It is a species of proteobacteria. The major host of the bacteria is rice. Host resistance gene, Xa21, from Oryza longistaminata is integrated into the genome of Oryza sativa for the board range resistance of rice blight disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae. [1]